Multi-touch
Multi-touch (or multitouch) denotes a set of interaction techniques which allow computer or mobile users to control graphical user interface with more than one finger at either application or system level. The term Multi-Touch is a trademark of Apple, Inc. [1]
多點觸控技術是一套允許電腦或是行動裝置用戶以多根手指移動電腦系統圖示、或是控制系統應用程式的技術，而「Multi-Touch」一詞已是「蘋果公司」所註冊的商標之一。
Multi-touch consists of a touch screen (screen, overlay, table, wall, etc.) or touchpad, as well as software that recognizes multiple simultaneous touch points, as opposed to the single touchscreen (e.g. computer touchpad, ATM), which recognizes only one touch point. This effect is achieved through a variety of means, including: heat, finger pressure, high capture rate cameras, infrared light, optic capture, tuned electromagnetic induction, ultrasonic receivers, transducer microphones, laser rangefinders, and shadow capture.[2]
多點觸控技術包含了一個觸控介面（普通螢幕、桌子、牆面等…）或是觸控板，並使用軟體來感應多個觸控點，而非傳統的單點觸控面板（例如傳統的觸控電腦、ATM自動提款機）只能感應一個觸控點；其中有許多方式可以達到多點觸控的效果，包括：「熱感應」、「指壓感應」、「高捕獲率攝影機」、「紅外線感應」、「光感應」、「電磁感應」、「超音波感應」、「麥克風傳感器」、「雷射測距儀」、「陰影捕捉」。
Many products using multi-touch interfaces exist and are being developed. Multi-touch is used on portable devices including the Apple iPhone, HTC Hero, Microsoft's Zune HD, Samsung Memory, and the Palm Pre, as well as desktop products such as the Microsoft Surface and the DELL Latitude XT2.
現在市面上有許多產品都應用了多點觸控技術；例如Apple iPhone（蘋果公司），HTC Hero（宏達電）, Microsoft's Zune HD（微軟公司）, Samsung Memory（三星電子）,Palm Pre（Palm）,除此之外也應用於較大型的產品，例如微軟公司的Surface以及戴爾公司的Latitude XT2。
Hobbyists have developed extremely low cost touchscreen technologies using webcams, projection of image, and software that senses touch patterns via the webcam. Multi touch screens larger than 50" are possible at costs under $100 to $400 depending on the projector & equipment used. DIY multitouch screens of extremely large size(wall sized or larger) are also quite possible and very cheaply constructed and posted in numerous places on the web.
有些研發團隊已經能以極低的成本開發出應用於webcam、投影片、以及軟體上的觸控螢幕，一塊使用於投影設備、大約50吋的觸控螢幕，成本約為美金100~400元之間，而其他像是DIY的觸控螢幕尺寸多半都很大（差不多跟一面牆一樣，或者更大），其優點在於更價格便宜以及更能普及地使用在各種地方。 by 范峻瑋 96114145History
Multi-touch technology dates back to 1982, when Nimish Mehta at the University of Toronto developed the first finger pressure multi-touch display.[3]
多點觸控（Multi-touch）技術，可以追溯到1982年，當時 Nimish Mehta 在多倫多大學開發的指壓多點觸控顯示屏。
In 1983, Bell Labs at Murray Hill published a comprehensive discussion of touch-screen based interfaces. [4] In 1984 Bell Labs engineered a touch screen that could change images with more than one hand. The group at the University of Toronto stopped working on hardware and moved on to software and interfaces, expecting that they would have access to the Bell Labs work.[3]
1983年，貝爾實驗室（Bell Labs）在默里山（Murray Hill）發表了對觸控顯示屏界面的討論。在1984年貝爾實驗室（Bell Labs）研製出一種可以做出更多圖像變化的觸控顯示屏。該團隊在加拿大多倫多大學將研究方向從硬體轉向軟件和介面，預計他們將有機會獲得貝爾實驗室（Bell Labs）的工作。
A breakthrough occurred in 1991, when Pierre Wellner published a paper on his multi-touch “Digital Desk”, which supported multi-finger and pinching motions. [5][6]
此技術在1991年出現了突破，Pierre Wellner發表了一篇對於他的數位桌（Digital Desk）的論文，並支持多點觸控的議案。
Various companies expanded upon these discoveries in the beginning of the twenty-first century. Mainstream exposure to multi-touch technology occurred in the year 2007, when Apple unveiled the iPhone and Microsoft debuted surface computing. The iPhone in particular has spawned a wave of interest in multi-touch computing, since it permits greatly increased user interaction on a small scale. More robust and customizable multi-touch and gesture-based solutions are beginning to become available, among them TrueTouch, created by Cypress Semiconductor. The following is a compilation of notable uses of multi-touch technology in recent years.
在21世紀初，各大公司開始擴大在這方面的投資。主要的多點觸控技術發生在2007年，當蘋果推出iPhone和微軟推出觸控式桌面電腦（surface computing），尤其是iPhone已經引起多點觸控的風潮，因為它和允許使用者在一個小介面裡有著很大的互動性。可制定的多點觸控和手勢的方案也確定可用，其中的TrueTouch是賽普拉斯半導體公司製造的。
The use of multi-touch technology is expected to rapidly become common place. For example, touch screen telephones are expected to increase from 200,000 shipped in 2006, to 21 million in 2012.[7]
多媒體觸控技術有望迅速普及。例如，觸控式電話預計將較2006年的21萬增加20萬出貨量在2012年。 by 96109237 歐人豪Multi-touch displays
Perceptive Pixel
Perceptive Pixel is a company founded by New York University consulting research scientist Jefferson Y. Han that creates wall displays and tables. The displays use infrared light emitting diodes along with an infrared camera to determine the point of contact. Han envisions large collaborative spaces that will allow multiple users to work and interact. Perceptive Pixel’s technology is currently being utilized, in the form of the Multi-Touch Collaboration Wall, by CNN and an unspecified government contractor.[8] But its 6-figure price[9] even scared most interested medium business away.
Perceptive Pixel是紐約大學的諮詢研究科學家傑夫‧韓恩創立的一家公司，創造顯示器和圖形表格。該顯示器使用紅外線LED以及一個紅外線照相機，以確定觸點。韓恩構想大型互動空間，讓廣泛用戶工作和交流。Perceptive Pixel公司目前正在使用的技術，在多點觸控協作面板形式，由CNN和非特定的政府承辦商。但是，它的6位數字的價格，甚而把多數感興趣的中小型企業嚇跑了。
Microsoft Surface
In 2001 Steve Bathiche and Andy Wilson of Microsoft began work on an idea for an interactive table that mixes both physical and virtual worlds. Research and Development expanded rapidly in 2004, once the idea caught the attention of Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates. In 2007 Microsoft introduced Microsoft Surface, a functional multi-touch table-top computer based on a standard PC platform including an Intel Core 2 Duo processor, Windows Vista, and 2 GB of RAM.[10]
Essentially, Microsoft Surface is a computer embedded in a table with a large, flat, touch-responsive display on the top. The table uses small cameras (as opposed to finger pressure or heat) that enable it to react to the touch of any object. The unit has eight different modes that allow users to perform an array of activities,ranging from organizing pictures and videos to ordering food at a restaurant. Multiple users have the ability to work on the table at one time. The preliminary launch was on April 17, 2008, when Surface became available for customer use in AT&T stores. Although the product is not available for widespread purchase, it can possibly be bought directly from Microsoft for $13,500.
2001年，Steve Bathiche和Andy Wilson在微軟工作開始有一個互動式表格主意，混合物理和虛擬世界。一旦想法引起了微軟公司董事長比爾蓋茨的關注，就在2004年研究和發展迅速擴大。2007年，微軟推出了Microsoft Surface，多點觸控表功能的頂級電腦於標準PC平台，包括Intel Core 2 Duo處理器，Windows Vista和2 GB RAM。基本上來講，Microsoft Surface是一台電腦嵌入一個表格，大，平面，在觸摸式顯示器上。該表格使用小型相機（而不是指壓或感熱），使它能夠對任何對象觸及作出反應。這個單元有8個不同的模式，讓用戶能夠執行一系列的活動，包括從組織圖片和視頻到餐廳點菜。有一次多個用戶在表格上工作的能力。初期上市是在2008年4月17號，Surface就可以讓用戶使用AT＆T商店。(AT&T是美國最大的本地和長途電話公司)雖然產品普遍購買是買不到的，直接從微軟購買為$13,500。
3M Multi-touch
3M is a company known for many innovations in the touch field, including overlays incorporated in other vendor's products. 3M provides a Multi-touch developer kit which includes a projected capacitive glass surfaced 19" monitor with stand and a software development kit which includes support for the upcoming Windows 7 operating system. The unique features at this price point are 10 finger multi-touch and 15ms touch response with full edge support and finger identification when both are touching. [12] However, as the points increase on the screen, the screen sampling rate dramatically goes down.
3M是一家許多創新的接觸領域著名的公司，包括覆蓋納入了其他廠商的產品。3M公司提供了一個多點觸控開發工具包，其中包括投射式電容式觸控面板出現19吋螢幕和監測軟件開發工具包，其中包括支持即將推出的Windows 7操作系統。獨特的功能在這個價位是10個手指多點觸控和15毫秒的接觸反應，當兩個接觸時充分觸發支援手指辨識。然而，當點在螢幕上增加，螢幕採樣率急劇下降。
Tyco Electronics: Elo Touch Systems
Tyco Electronics is an electronics component manufacturer which also sells touch technology through their Elo Touch Systems division. Elo Touch Systems provides integrator components, custom solutions, kits, and fully integrated touch monitors through resellers. Elo Touch Systems provides multiple technologies for single touch screens: Acoustic Pulse Recognition (APR); IntelliTouch Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW); and CarrollTouch InfraRed (IR). For Multi-touch they have been an early integrator working on Microsoft Windows 7, initially announcing support for 2 finger multi-touch support with IntelliTouch Surface Acoustic Wave and technology built on CarrollTouch IR touch technologies, in both 19" and 22" form factors.
泰科電子是一家電子元件製造商，通過觸摸觸控系統部門，同時銷售觸控技術。ELO觸摸系統提供集成組件，定制解決方案，工具包和全面整合觸摸顯示器通過經銷商。ELO觸摸系統提供了多種技術，為個別觸控螢幕：聲學脈衝識別（APR）;聲波表面聲波（SAW）和紅外線觸摸技術（IR）。多點觸控他們已經提前整合工作在微軟Windows 7，最初發布支援2根手指多點觸控支援表面聲波技術建立在紅外線觸摸技術，在19吋和22吋的form factors都有。
Demand Evolution
Demand Evolution has released two multi-touch displays based on infrared vision sensing and open-source software. Its product, the LCD based Gecko, is one of the cross platform, high-resolution multitouch displays available directly for consumers. The interactive display utilizes a 30" LCD, and as opposed to the wall mount and table designs of many competitors the Gecko is designed for workstation and kiosk scenarios. Currently, such open source multi-touch units on the market are low cost, because no developer kit, business software, or OS can directly support. It is aimed only at the open-source developer community and early adopters hoping to get in early on the industry shift to multi-touch interaction.
Demand Evolution以紅外線視覺感測和開放原始碼軟體為基礎發布了兩個多點觸控顯示器。它的產品，LCD based Gecko，是一種跨平台，高清晰度多點觸控顯示器可以直接聯繫消費者。互動式顯示器採用了30吋LCD，而與許多競爭對手相對的交流式整流器和設計表Gecko是專為工作站級電腦和導覽系統方案設計。目前，這種開放原始碼的多點觸控單元在市場上成本低，因為沒有開發工具包，商業軟體，可以直接或操作系統支援。它的目的只是在開放原始碼開發程式族群和早期的使用者希望能在年初就產業轉移到多點觸控互動。
MultiTouch LCD Cell
In September 2008, MultiTouch Oy launched a large-scale LCD-based multitouch display, the MultiTouch Cell. This model was a 46-inch display with full-HD LCD panel. The central point of the LCD-based display is to handle the shortcomings of projector-based displays (poor contrast and resolution, frequent maintenance needs).
2008年9月，MultiTouch Oy公司發行了大型的以LCD顯示器為基礎的多點觸控顯示器，MultiTouch Cell。該樣式是一個46英寸的顯示器與超高解析度LCD面板。LCD顯示器的主要的重點是處理投影機顯示器的缺陷（對比度和分辨率差，需要經常維修）。
HP TouchSmart
HP Touchsmart is an All-In-One PC introduced by computer giant Hewlett-Packard and was first released in 2007. It is HP's first "PC-In-A-Box" computer, quite similar to the iMac G3, released in 1998, although incorporating a multi-touch display. It is the first mass marketed 'touch screen' PC made commercially available. The technology behind the first generation TouchSmart, however, does not support the same class of multi-touch interaction as the previously mentioned products. Because of the nature of its optical touch sensors, the display can not effectively sense touches that fall within the same sensing beam. This shadowing problem makes the screens prohibitive for many of the multi-touch interaction scenarios that other options can support. Newer generation TouchSmart systems feature larger display sizes, up to 25.5", and improved touch technology. The improvements confine the "area of confusion" to a smaller footprint, inhibiting multi-touch by very small fingers immediately adjacent to each other.
HP Touchsmart是電腦名人Hewlett-Packard推出的一個全功能一台PC，並在2007年首次發布。這是HP第一個“PC-In-A-Box”電腦，非常相似發表於1998年的iMac G3號，雖然合併了多點觸控顯示器。這是第一個大量被銷售用於商業目的觸控螢幕PC。
這第一代的TouchSmart技術背後，然而，前面提到的產品不支援相同種類的多點觸控互動作用。由於其光學性質觸摸傳感器，顯示器不能有效地感覺按鍵也屬於同一個感應光束。這隱藏的問題使得螢幕禁止許多其他選項可以支援多點觸控互動場景。新一代的TouchSmart系統採用了大尺寸顯示器，高達25.5吋，還改善了觸控技術。這些改進局限於“區域混亂”，以較小的體積，抑制多觸點經由非常小的手指直接接觸。 by 96116163 鄭雅紋
Fingerworks
In 1999, Fingerworks, a Newark-based company run by University of Delaware academics John Elias and Wayne Westerman, produced a line of multi-touch products including the iGesture Pad and the TouchStream keyboard.[3] Westerman published a dissertation in 1999 on the subject. In 2005, after years of maintaining a niche line of keyboards and touchpads, Fingerworks was acquired by Apple Inc.
Fingerworks(紐瓦克公司)
在1999年，Fingerworks(紐瓦克公司)，和University of Delaware (特拉華大學)的學者約翰埃利亞斯和魯尼韋斯特曼，產生了多點觸控產品包括iGesturPad(觸控墊子)和TouchStream(觸控鍵盤)。韋斯特曼就在1999年發表他的論文。在2005年，利基線的鍵盤和多點觸控板經過多年保持，Fingerworks決定收購Apple Inc (蘋果公司)。
Apple products
In 2005, Apple acquired Fingerworks. In 2007 they introduced the iPhone, marking the first time multi-touch technology was used on a phone. The iPhone includes such components as a web browser, music player, video player, and a cell phone without the use of a hard keypad or stylus.
Following the release of the iPhone, Apple also expanded its use of multi-touch computing with the new iPod Touch, as well as the new MacBook Air. As of 2008, Multi-touch can be found on the MacBook and MacBook Pro line in the form of a trackpad.
The latest revisions of Apple's Unibody MacBook and MacBook Pro features a full glass multi-touch trackpad (whilst the MacBook Air features a standard multi-touch trackpad). These enable various gestures such as scrolling, "swiping" between pages or pictures as well as rotating pictures, and launching Expose.
Apple products(蘋果產品)
在2005年，蘋果收購了Fingerworks(紐瓦克公司)。 2007年，他們推出了 iPhone第一隻手機有多點觸控的功能。據悉，iPhone手機的功能包含一些組件，Web瀏覽器，音樂播放器，視頻播放器，而且手機完全沒有按鍵跟手寫筆。
iPhone發行之後，蘋果還利用電腦研發新的多媒體觸控技術，包含iPod Touch (iPod觸控模式)，以及新的MacBook Air(觸控筆電)。一直到2008年，觸控式的商品有MacBook 和 MacBook Pro的款式還有 trackpad (觸控板)。
最新的MacBook和MacBook Pro採用了全玻璃Multi - Touch觸控板（雖然MacBook Air的配備原本就包含了觸控板）。有了觸控版的功能，更能夠發揮如滾動，“刷開”網頁或圖片，以及旋轉圖片。
CUBIT and TouchKit
Addie Wagenknecht and Stefan Hechenberger of Nortd studio, based in New York and Vienna, created a scaled-down open-source version of Surface, called CUBIT and a screen based kit called TouchKit. According to the website of Technology Review magazine, "By sharing the Cubit's hardware schematics and software source code, the engineers are significantly reducing the cost of owning a multitouch table. But they're also fostering innovation by giving engineers an open platform on which to develop novel multitouch applications--something that they've previously lacked. It will cost anywhere between $1,000 to $1,580 depending on hardware used." [15]
CUBIT and TouchKit(腕尺和觸控屏幕)
Addie Wagenknecht(阿迪瓦根內克特)和Stefa黑興貝格爾的工作室總部Nortd，設在紐約和維也納，創建了一個按比例縮小的表面，稱為CUBIT(腕尺)和跟屏幕一起的套件稱為TouchKit(觸控屏幕)。根據這個網站提供的Technology Review(技術評論)雜誌，通過分享肘的硬件原理圖和軟件源代碼，工程師們利用觸控表大幅削減成本。但是他們也促進創新為工程師的開放平台上開發新的觸控應用-這是之前，他們所缺乏的。它的使用費是取決於硬件的使用1,000元至1,580元等。
Asus EEE PC
Asus has included a multi-touch touchpad in the 900 and 1000 series of their Eee PC netbooks, an Elantech Smart-Pad. Depending on the installed drivers, it can be used for scrolling, 3 button operation, dragging and resizing and rotating pictures.
Asus EEE PC(華碩易PC)
Asus (華碩)也利用了多點觸控板在900和1000系列的Eee PC(易PC)網路版本，是一個Elantech(智能驅動)。安裝驅動程序完後，它可以滾動，三鍵操作，拖動和縮放，旋轉圖片。
Dell Inspiron Mini
Dell has also included a multi-touch touchpad in the Dell Inspiron Mini Series. Provided with a driver from Elantech, it can be used for scrolling, 3 button operation, dragging, resizing, rotating pictures and system shortcuts as Start Menu and Explorer (on Windows), browser back and forward, minimizing and maximizing windows, window switching, desktop showing and hiding, and running custom commands.
Dell Inspiron Mini(戴爾Inspiron迷你小筆電)
Dell (戴爾) Dell Inspiron Mini Series (戴爾Inspiron迷你系列)包括多點觸控的觸控板。也有Elantech驅動程序的功能，它可以滾動，三鍵操作，拖動，縮放，旋轉圖片和系統快捷方式的開始菜單和瀏覽器（在Windows），瀏覽器的前進和後退，最大化最小化視窗，視窗切換，桌面顯示和隱藏，並運行自定命令。 by 96116161 呂昱瑩
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